Recent questions tagged medium

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) : (i) also known as test tube baby programme (ii) ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected (iii) they are induced to form zygote (iv) under simulated conditions in the laboratory. Regarding (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) :

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In ART : 1. In vitro fertilisation (IVF ) is fertilisation outside the body 2. It is done in almost similar conditions as that in the body. 3. IVF is followed by embryo transfer (ET) is one of such methods. Regarding 1,2 and 3 :

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1. Hepatitis–B and HIV can be transmitted by sharing of injection needles, razors, etc. 2. HIV can be transmitted by using surgical instruments used on for such patients and used after disinfection. 3. Hepatitis–B and HIV can be transmitted by transfusion of blood of an infected person. Regarding 1,2 and 3 :

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MTP: 1. MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester. 2. Second trimester abortions are much more riskier. 3. Majority of the MTPs are performed illegally by unqualified quacks which are usually safe. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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In tubectomy: 1. A small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up 2. It is done through a small incision in the abdomen or through ******. 3. This technique are least effective 4. But their reversibility is good. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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In vasectomy: 1. A small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up 2. It is done through a small incision on the ******* 3. Its reversibility is very poor. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by females as injections or implants under the skin. 2. Their mode of action is similar to that of pills 3. Their effective periods are short. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Oral Contraceptive pills: 1. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. 2. After a gap of 7 days, it has to be repeated in the same pattern till contraconception is desired. 3. Menstruation occurs in between the 21 day course of tablet. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) - copper releasing IUDs: (i) increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus (ii) the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility (iii) the Cu ions released suppress the fertilising capacity of sperms Regarding (i), (ii) and (iii):

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1. Mycoplasma are a group of fungus. 2. They are devoid of cell walls 3. They are highly pleomorphic, with fixed shape and size.

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Glycocalyx :- 1. It is of same composition and thickness among different bacteria though it may differ whethe tightly or loosely attached. 2. It could be a loose sheath called the capsule in some 3. While in others it may be tightly bound and tough, called the slime layer. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Prokaryotes and unicellilar eukaryotes have something unique in the form of inclusions. 2. A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called mesosome is the characteristic of prokaryotes. 3. They are essentially aggregations of cytoplasmic proteins. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Prokaryotes: 1. Most prokaryotes do not have a cell wall. 2. The fluid matrix filling the cell is the cytoplasm. 3. There is no well-defined nucleus. 4. The genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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1. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller 2. Thet multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells. 3. They may vary greatly in shape and size. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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CELL THEORY : 1. Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells which form the tissues of the plant. 2. Theodore Schwann (1839), a British Zoologist, studied different types of animal cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer (‘plasma membrane’). 3. Theodore Schwann also concluded that the presence of cell wall is a unique character of the plant cells. 4. Schwann proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Regarding G.N. RAMACHANDRAN: 1. He was the founder of the ‘Madras school’ of conformational analysis of biopolymers. 2. His discovery of the triple helical structure of collagen published in Nature in 1954 3. His analysis of the allowed conformations of proteins through the use of the ‘Ramachandran plot’ rank among the most outstanding contributions in structural biology. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Mammalia : 1. Sexes are separate 2. Fertilisation is internal. 3. They are always viviparous 4. Development is direct. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Class – Mammalia : 1. The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair. 2. External ears or pinnae are absent in most species. 3. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Aves : 1. Heart is completely four- chambered. 2. Respiration is by lungs. 3. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Reptilia : 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Fertilisation is internal. 3. They are oviparous 4. Development is direct. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Class – Amphibia : 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Fertilisation is external. 3. They are viviparous 4. Development is direct. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Class – Amphibia : 1. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca 2. Cloaca opens to the exterior. 3. These are cold-blooded animals. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Amphibia : 1. The amphibian skin is dry. 2. They do not have scales. 3. They don't have eyelids. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Amphibia : 1. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. 2. Body is divisible into head and trunk. 3. Tail may be present in some. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Class – Osteichthyes : 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Fertilisation is usually internal. 3. They are mostly oviparous 4. Development is direct. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Class – Osteichthyes : 1. Air bladder is present 2. Air bladder regulates buoyancy (if present in any aquatic organism). 3. Heart is two- chambered 4. Heart has one auricle and one ventricle. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Class – Chondrichthyes : 1. Teeth are modified placoid scales 2. Teeth are directed forwards. 3. Their jaws are very powerful. 4. These animals are predaceous. Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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Regarding Class – Chondrichthyes : 1. They are marine animals 2. They have streamlined body 3. They have cartilaginous exoskeleton Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Class – Cyclostomata : 1. Cyclostomes are marine 2. But they migrate to fresh water for spawning . 3. After spawning, they die within a few days. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Class – Cyclostomata : 1. They have an elongated body 2. They bear 6-15 pairs of gill slits. 3. Cyclostomes have a circular mouth without jaws Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Agnatha includes Class Cyclostomata. 2. Tetrapoda includes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammals 3. Pisces includes Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Vertebrata includes Divisions Agnatha and Gnathostomata. 2. Gnathostomata includes Super Classes Pisces and Tetrapoda. 3. Divisions Agnatha includes Class Cyclostomata. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding vertebrates : 1. They have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers. 2. They have kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation 3. They have paired appendages which may be limbs but never fins.

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Phylum – Hemichordata : 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Fertilisation is internal. 3. Development is direct . Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Molluscs : 1. Body is covered by a calcareous shell 2. Body is unsegmented 3. They have a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Arthropoda : 1. It is the second largest phylum of Animalia 2. It includes insects. 3. Over one-thirds of all named species on earth are arthropods Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Aschelminthes: 1. Sexes are separate 2. They are monoecious. 3. Often females are longer than males. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Platyhelminthes : 1. Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. 2. Tapeworm is Taenia and it is an intestinal parasite. 3. Fasciola hepatica is Liver fluke Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Platyhelminthes : 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Fertilisation is internal. 3. Development is through many larval stages Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Regarding Platyhelminthes : 1. They are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings. 2. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. 3. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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In Ctenophores: 1. Sexes are separate. 2. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means. 3. Fertilisation is internal. 4. Development is direct Regarding 1,2,3 and 4:

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1. Cnidarians exhibit one of two basic body forms called polyp and medusa. 2. Some cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation of generation. 3. Alternation of generation is Metagenesis. 4. Polyps produce medusae sexually 5. Medusae form the polyps asexually Regarding 1,2,3,4 and 5:

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1. Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa. 2. Polyp is a sessile and spherical form 3. Medusa is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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In Sponges : 1. Digestion is extracellular. 2. The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres. 3. Sexes are separate Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Sponges have a water transport or canal system. 2. Water enters through minute pores (osculum) in the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes out through the ostia. 3. This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Members of phylum - porifera are commonly known as sponges. 2. Sponges are generally marine and mostly symmetrical animals. 3. Sponges are primitive multicellular animals and have tissue level of organisation. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Segmentation: 1. In some animals the body is externally, but not internally divided into segments with a serial repetition. 2. The phenomenon is known as metamerism. 3. Earthworm shows this pattern called metameric segmentation. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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Plant life cycle and alternation of generations: 1. The haploid gametophytic plant body produces gametes by mitosis. 2. Following fertilisation the zygote divides by mitosis to produce a diploid sporophytic plant body. 3. Haploid spores are produced by this plant body by meiosis. Regarding 1,2 and 3:

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1. Double fertilisation is an event unique to angiosperms and gymnosperms. 2. The zygote develops into an embryo 3. Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) develops into endosperm which provides nourishment to the developing embryo. 4. The synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation. 5. During these events the ovules develop into seeds and the ovaries develop into fruit. Regarding 1,2,3,4 and 5:

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In angiosperm : 1. After pollination, the pollen grains germinate on the stigma and the resulting pollen tubes grow through the tissues of stigma and style and reach the ovule. 2. The pollen tubes enter the embryo-sac where two male gametes are discharged. 3. One of the male gametes fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote (syngamy). 4. The other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). 5. This event is termed as double fertilisation Regarding 1,2,3,4 and 5:

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